Background and Objective: The1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) specifically identified “empowering women” as an essential ingredient for achieving desirable Reproductive health and population outcomes. This study was done to determine the relation between women empowerment and Reproductive Behaviors.Materials and Methods: An analytical descriptive survey was carried out for 629 married women aged 15-50 in western Tehran health centers. Data gathering was through the questionnaires of demographic, sexual, Reproductive history and socio-economical information. Randomized sampling was done by interview. Data was analyzed in spss16. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the samples and X2 test for determination of relation between qualitative variables. Logistic regression analysis was used for assessing the power of independent variables that had a significant effect on Reproductive Behavior.Results: Findings showed that 29.6% of cases were in good level of Reproductive Behavior and 20.8% of them were in high level of empowerment. Overall, women empowerment and Reproductive Behavior were in the mid-level, but an improvement was seen in the Reproductive Behavior with improvement of the women empowerment. There was also a significant relationship between Reproductive Behavior and women age (p=0.01), literacy (p=0.002), empowerment (p=0.007) and a negative significant relationship with the number of children (p=0.002) and marital duration (p=0.001). There was no significant relationship between empowerment and Reproductive Behavior in logestic regression because of correlation between variables such as age and education that inserted in logestic regression simultaneously.Conclusion: Reproductive Behavior was considerably affected by education and socio-economical factors that are determinant factors of empowerment, hence great attention to women empowerment issue is necessary for improvement of human development indices and Reproductive Behaviors.

Objective: The aim of this study is assessment of effects of different assisted Reproductive techniques (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on prelinguistic Behavior of infants conceived by these techniques.Methods: In this descriptive, cross sectional study, prelinguistic Behavior of 151 full term ART infants of Royan Institute have been assessed in Children's Health and Development Research Center of Tehran from August 2007 until August 2009. Questionnaires were completed by parents at 9 months old. The questionnaire was standard according to Early Language Milestone Scale-2 (ELM-2). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and using chi-square test.Findings: Twenty-two (14.5%) of infants were conceived by IVF and 129 (85.4%) by ICSI. Number of infants with delay in reduplicated babbling in ICSI method was more than in IVF. There was only a significant difference in echolalia delay in the two sexes. Echolalia was delayed more in boys. Delay of reduplicated babbling was more in infants of younger mothers. There was no relation between speech and language defect of parents and infants.Conclusion: This study showed that prelingustic Behavior of ART infants are affected by kind of ART method, infant sex, and mother’s age at the time of pregnancy.

To what extent do socio-economic and cultural factors influence fertility? What are women's fertility conditions among different religious sub-groups? To answer these questions, the required data were collected from 362 Shiites and Sunni women living in Sarpolzhab, Iran. Then the collected data were analyzed. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the Reproductive Behaviors of these two religious groups of women although the fertility rates of both groups were low. This significant difference reveals the potentials of a special theological hypothesis in explaining the differences in fertility rate among different demographic groups. Multivariate analyses showed that a combination of cultural, socio-economic and demographic features plays a decisive role in explaining the different rates of fertility among Shiite and Sunni women (39% vs 20.1%). Also, multivariate analyses showed that controlling all independent variables, religion retains its significant impact although the intensity of this relationship decreases while other variables are controlled. Hence, the future demographic policies should be focused on the single-child married women and married women without children who were conspicuous among Shiite women in the sample studied here. Therefore, the government policies and the demands and interests of families need to be closely aligned.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel Behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel Behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel Behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel Behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel Behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel Behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel Behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel Behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel Behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel Behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel Behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel Behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel Behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel Behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel Behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel Behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel Behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel Behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel Behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel Behavior, the factors affecting travel Behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel Behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel Behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel Behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel Behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel Behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.